成都三菱PLC為大家分享電機的制(zhi)作(zuo)流(liu)程是怎(zen)樣(yang)的，跟著我(wo)們的小編一(yi)起學(xue)起來吧
電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(俗稱“馬(ma)達(da)”)是指依據(ju)電(dian)(dian)磁感(gan)應定律實(shi)現電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換或傳遞的(de)一種電(dian)(dian)磁裝置。在電(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)字(zi)母M表(biao)示。它的(de)主(zhu)要作用(yong)是產生驅(qu)動(dong)轉(zhuan)矩，作為用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器或各種機(ji)械的(de)動(dong)力源。發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)在電(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)字(zi)母G表(biao)示。它的(de)主(zhu)要作用(yong)是利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)化為機(ji)械能(neng)。 (此處已添(tian)加圈子(zi)卡(ka)片，請到今日頭條客戶端查看(kan))
電(dian)動機主要包括一個用(yong)以產生(sheng)磁(ci)場的電(dian)磁(ci)鐵繞組或(huo)(huo)分布的定子繞組和一個旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)樞或(huo)(huo)轉(zhuan)子和其(qi)它附(fu)件(jian)組成(cheng)。在定子繞組旋轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場的作用(yong)下，其(qi)在電(dian)樞鼠籠式鋁框中有電(dian)流通過并(bing)受磁(ci)場的作用(yong)而使(shi)其(qi)轉(zhuan)動。
定子(zi)(靜止部(bu)分)
定(ding)子鐵心：電(dian)(dian)機(ji)磁路的一部(bu)分，并(bing)在其(qi)上放(fang)置定(ding)子繞組(zu); 定(ding)子繞組(zu)：是電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)的電(dian)(dian)路部(bu)分，通入三(san)相交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)，產生旋轉(zhuan)磁場; 機(ji)座：固定(ding)定(ding)子鐵心與前后端(duan)蓋以支撐轉(zhuan)子，并(bing)起防護(hu)、散熱等作用;
轉(zhuan)子(旋轉(zhuan)部分)
轉(zhuan)子(zi)鐵心(xin)：作(zuo)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)機磁(ci)(ci)路的一(yi)部(bu)分以及(ji)在鐵心(xin)槽內放置轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組; 轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組：切割定子(zi)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)產生感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，并(bing)形成電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)轉(zhuan)矩而(er)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan);
1、直流電動機
直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是將直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)成機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji))或將機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)成直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji))的旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。它(ta)是能(neng)(neng)實現直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)和機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)互相轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。當它(ta)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)運行(xing)時是直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)，將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)為機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng);作(zuo)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)運行(xing)時是直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，將機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)為電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。
▲直(zhi)流(liu)電機的物理模(mo)型圖(tu)
上圖的直流(liu)電(dian)機的物理(li)模型圖，固定部分有磁(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)，這里稱作主磁(ci)極;固定部分還有電(dian)刷。轉動部分有環(huan)形(xing)(xing)鐵(tie)(tie)心和繞在環(huan)形(xing)(xing)鐵(tie)(tie)心上的繞組。(其中2個小圓圈是為了方便表示該位置上的導體電(dian)勢或電(dian)流(liu)的方向而設置的)
2、步進電機
步(bu)進(jin)電機(ji)是(shi)將電脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)信號轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變為角(jiao)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)或線位(wei)(wei)移(yi)的(de)(de)開(kai)環控(kong)(kong)制元步(bu)進(jin)電機(ji)件。在非超載(zai)的(de)(de)情(qing)況下(xia)，電機(ji)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速、停(ting)止的(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)只取決于脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)信號的(de)(de)頻(pin)率和脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)數(shu)，而(er)不(bu)受負載(zai)變化(hua)的(de)(de)影響，當(dang)步(bu)進(jin)驅動(dong)(dong)器接收到(dao)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)信號，它就(jiu)驅動(dong)(dong)步(bu)進(jin)電機(ji)按設定(ding)的(de)(de)方向轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)固(gu)定(ding)的(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)(du)。可以通過控(kong)(kong)制脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)個(ge)(ge)數(shu)來(lai)控(kong)(kong)制角(jiao)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)量，從(cong)而(er)達到(dao)準確(que)定(ding)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de);同時(shi)可以通過控(kong)(kong)制脈(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)頻(pin)率來(lai)控(kong)(kong)制電機(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)速度(du)(du)和加速度(du)(du)，從(cong)而(er)達到(dao)調速的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)。
步進(jin)電機工作原理
當電流流過(guo)定子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)時(shi)，定子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)產生一(yi)矢量(liang)(liang)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)。該磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)會(hui)帶動(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)一(yi)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)，使得轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)對(dui)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)方向(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)定子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)方向(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)致(zhi)。當定子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)矢量(liang)(liang)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)一(yi)個(ge)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)也隨著該磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)一(yi)個(ge)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)。每輸(shu)入一(yi)個(ge)電脈(mo)沖(chong)，電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)一(yi)個(ge)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)前進一(yi)步。它輸(shu)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)(jiao)位移與(yu)輸(shu)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)沖(chong)數(shu)成正(zheng)比(bi)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速與(yu)脈(mo)沖(chong)頻率(lv)成正(zheng)比(bi)。改變繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)通電的(de)(de)(de)(de)順(shun)序，電機(ji)就會(hui)反轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)。所(suo)以可用控(kong)(kong)制脈(mo)沖(chong)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)、頻率(lv)及電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)各相繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)通電順(shun)序來控(kong)(kong)制步進電機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)。
3、單向異步電(dian)動機(ji)
異步電動機(ji)又稱感(gan)應電動機(ji)，是由氣隙旋轉磁場與(yu)轉子繞組感(gan)應電流(liu)(liu)相互作(zuo)用產生電磁轉矩，從而實(shi)現機(ji)電能量轉換為機(ji)械(xie)能量的一種交流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)。
單(dan)相異步電動機(ji)的(de)工作原理(li)
在(zai)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機中(zhong)，當定(ding)子(zi)繞(rao)組通(tong)過交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)時，建(jian)立了電(dian)樞磁(ci)(ci)(ci)動(dong)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)，它對電(dian)機能量轉(zhuan)換和(he)運行性能都有(you)很大影(ying)響。所以單相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)繞(rao)組通(tong)入單相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)產生(sheng)脈振磁(ci)(ci)(ci)動(dong)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)，該磁(ci)(ci)(ci)動(dong)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)可分(fen)解為(wei)兩(liang)(liang)個幅值(zhi)相(xiang)等(deng)、轉(zhuan)速相(xiang)反的旋轉(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)動(dong)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)，從而(er)在(zai)氣隙中(zhong)建(jian)立正(zheng)傳和(he)反轉(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)和(he)。這兩(liang)(liang)個旋轉(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)切(qie)割轉(zhuan)子(zi)導(dao)體，并分(fen)別在(zai)轉(zhuan)子(zi)導(dao)體中(zhong)產生(sheng)感(gan)應電(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)感(gan)應電(dian)流(liu)(liu)。
該電(dian)流與磁(ci)場相互(hu)作用產生正(zheng)(zheng)、反(fan)電(dian)磁(ci)轉矩(ju)(ju)(ju)。正(zheng)(zheng)向(xiang)電(dian)磁(ci)轉矩(ju)(ju)(ju)企(qi)圖(tu)(tu)使(shi)轉子正(zheng)(zheng)轉;反(fan)向(xiang)電(dian)磁(ci)轉矩(ju)(ju)(ju)企(qi)圖(tu)(tu)使(shi)轉子反(fan)轉。這(zhe)兩個轉矩(ju)(ju)(ju)疊(die)加起(qi)來就(jiu)是推動電(dian)動機轉動的合成(cheng)轉。
4、永磁電機
永(yong)磁(ci)電(dian)機是(shi)利用永(yong)磁(ci)體提(ti)供磁(ci)場(chang)(chang)的電(dian)動(dong)機。電(dian)動(dong)機做功，需要2個(ge)條件，一個(ge)是(shi)存在(zai)磁(ci)場(chang)(chang)，另(ling)外一個(ge)是(shi)磁(ci)場(chang)(chang)中(zhong)有運動(dong)的電(dian)流存在(zai)。
